Representation

Reference

Empathy

Understanding Natural Languages

Anthropomorphism

Explainability and Interpretability

A representation is something that stands for another thing. Did the AI system consider my gender or race when reaching this output?

An agent is embodied if it interacts with the world through a body that perceives, acts, and occupies space. Does an AI system need a body to truly understand and intelligently engage with the world, or can disembodied systems achieve the same level of cognition?

Common-sense psychology is the implicit framework people use to interpret behaviour and mental states, such as beliefs, desires, and intentions to explain and predict the actions of ourselves, others, animals, and recently AI systems. Can a chatbot have beliefs, desires, and intentions?

Reasoning is a mental process in which a thinker moves step-by-step through a series of thoughts in the service of working out what is the case or what to do.

An artificial object is an object created by an agent, typically a human. Artificial objects are to be contrasted with natural objects, which just are those objects not created by agents. What is ‘artificial’ about artificial intelligence? Is a person with a neural AI implant a type of artificial intelligence?

At a minimum, a system is rational when it utilises good reasoning principles to arrive at a conclusion on the basis of reasonable evidence. Beyond this, a rational agent might also be required to have appropriate goals, to optimise satisfaction of its preferences, and to pursue its goals efficiently. Can an AI system make rational decisions? And why does this matter?

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an artefact, created by a human agent, that is capable of behaviour we would view as intelligent if it were human. Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) is an AI whose intelligence is equal to or surpasses human intelligence in its level and generality. Are AI chatbots AGIs? How can we tell? Why does it matter?

Someone, or something, is morally responsible for their actions, if they have sufficient knowledge of, and control over, their actions and potential outcomes, and might reasonably be the subject of, for instance, praise or blame for those actions. Are AI systems morally responsible for their actions?

A bias is a systematic inclination in a particular–possibly unwanted–direction. Are AI systems biased?

An intention is a motivational mental state, formed when an agent plans and decides how to act, which captures the way they commit to bring about a certain outcome. When an AI system produces intelligent outputs and has effects in the world, was that their intention? Are their outputs based on intentions at all?

Creativity is the disposition to produce outputs that are original and valuable. AI systems can produce art, music, and words to a high aesthetic standard. But is AI in fact creative, or is this just an illusion?

Agency is the capacity to perform actions, where an action is something that is done rather than something that merely happens. Humans have the capacity to act, and so we tend to think of each other as agents. Are AI-systems agents, and why does it matter?

In computer science, benchmarking refers to the practice of evaluating the performance of hardware, software, or algorithms by running a series of tests and...

Consciousness is a special form of awareness. Could AI systems be conscious and why should we care?

A sign has meaning when it conveys information or stands for something. Meaning is often thought of in terms of words and sentences in ‘natural languages’...